NMState 是一个网络管理器,允许你按照声明式方法配置主机。这意味着你通过一个北向的声明式 API 定义所需的配置状态,这个工具通过南向的提供者provider应用配置。
目前 NMState 支持的唯一的提供者是 NetworkManager,它是为 Fedora Linux 提供网络功能的主要服务。不过,NMState 的开发计划中将逐渐增加其他提供者。
配置方法:命令式与声明式
网络管理有时候是一项非常复杂的任务,这取决于环境的规模和多样性。在 IT 的早期,网络管理依赖于网络管理员在网络设备上手动执行命令。如今,基础设施即代码Infrastructure as Code(IaC)允许以不同的方式将这些任务自动化。z这基本上有两种方法:命令式或声明式。
在命令式方法中,你会定义“如何”达到所需的配置状态。而在声明式范式里则定义了“什么”是所需的配置状态,所以它不确定哪些步骤是必需的,也不确定它们必须以何种顺序执行。这种方法目前正在聚集更多的人员参与,你可以在目前使用的大多数管理和编排工具上找到它。
NMState:一个声明式的工具
NMState 是一个网络管理器,允许你按照声明式方法配置主机。这意味着你通过一个北向的声明式 API 定义所需的配置状态,这个工具通过南向的提供者provider应用配置。
目前 NMState 支持的唯一的提供者是 NetworkManager,它是为 Fedora Linux 提供网络功能的主要服务。不过,NMState 的开发计划中将逐渐增加其他提供者。
关于 NMState 的进一步信息,请访问其项目 站点 或 GitHub 仓库。
安装
NMState 在 Fedora Linux 29+ 上可用,需要在系统上安装并运行 NetworkManager 1.26 或更高版本。下面是在 Fedora Linux 34 上的安装情况:
$ sudo dnf -y install nmstate
...
输出节略
...
Installed:
NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.30.4-1.fc34.noarch gobject-introspection-1.68.0-3.fc34.x86_64 nispor-1.0.1-2.fc34.x86_64 nmstate-1.0.3-2.fc34.noarch
python3-gobject-base-3.40.1-1.fc34.x86_64 python3-libnmstate-1.0.3-2.fc34.noarch python3-nispor-1.0.1-2.fc34.noarch python3-varlink-30.3.1-2.fc34.noarch
Complete!
这样,你可以使用 nmstatectl
作为 NMState 的命令行工具。请参考 nmstatectl -help
或 man nmstatectl
以了解关于这个工具的进一步信息。
使用 NMstate
首先要检查系统中安装的 NMState 版本:
$ nmstatectl version1.0.3
检查一个网络接口的当前配置,例如 eth0
的配置:
$ nmstatectl show eth0
2021-06-29 10:28:21,530 root DEBUG NetworkManager version 1.30.4
2021-06-29 10:28:21,531 root DEBUG Async action: Retrieve applied config: ethernet eth0 started
2021-06-29 10:28:21,531 root DEBUG Async action: Retrieve applied config: ethernet eth2 started
2021-06-29 10:28:21,532 root DEBUG Async action: Retrieve applied config: ethernet eth0 finished
2021-06-29 10:28:21,533 root DEBUG Async action: Retrieve applied config: ethernet eth2 finished
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 100
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 100
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 100
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth0
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true address:
- ip: 192.168.122.238
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true auto-gateway: true auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true dhcp: true ipv6:
enabled: true address:
- ip: fe80::c3c9:c4f9:75b1:a570
prefix-length: 64
auto-dns: true auto-gateway: true auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true autoconf: true dhcp: true lldp:
enabled: false mac-address: 52:54:00:91:E4:4E
mtu: 1500
正如你在上面看到的,这个网络配置显示了四个主要部分:
dns-resolver
:这部分是这个接口的名字服务器配置。interfaces
:这部分描述了 ipv4 和 ipv6 设置。
修改配置
你可以在两种模式下修改所需的配置状态:
- 交互式:通过
nmstatectl edit
编辑接口配置。这个命令调用环境变量 EDITOR
定义的文本编辑器,因此可以用 yaml 格式编辑网络状态。完成编辑后,NMState 将应用新的网络配置,除非有语法错误。 - 基于文件的:使用
nmstatectl apply
应用接口配置,它从先前创建的 yaml 或 json 文件中导入一个所需的配置状态。
下面几节告诉你如何使用 NMState 来改变网络配置。这些改变可能会对系统造成破坏,所以建议在测试系统或客户虚拟机上执行这些任务,直到你对 NMState 有更好的理解。
这里使用的测试系统有两个以太网接口,eth0
和 eth2
:
$ ip -br -4 alo UNKNOWN 127.0.0.1/8eth0 UP 192.168.122.238/24eth2 UP 192.168.122.108/24
互动配置模式的例子
使用 nmstatectl edit
命令将 eth0
接口的 MTU 改为 9000 字节,如下所示:
$ sudo nmstatectl edit eth0
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 100
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 100
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 100
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth0
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true address:
- ip: 192.168.122.123
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true auto-gateway: true auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true dhcp: true ipv6:
enabled: true address:
- ip: fe80::c3c9:c4f9:75b1:a570
prefix-length: 64
auto-dns: true auto-gateway: true auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true autoconf: true dhcp: true lldp:
enabled: false mac-address: 52:54:00:91:E4:4E
mtu: 9000
在保存并退出编辑器后,NMState 应用新的网络期望状态:
2021-06-29 11:29:05,726 root DEBUG Nmstate version: 1.0.3
2021-06-29 11:29:05,726 root DEBUG Applying desire state: {'dns-resolver': {'config': {}, 'running': {'search': [], 'server': ['192.168.122.1']}}, 'route-rules': {'config': []}, 'routes': {'config': [], 'running': [{'destination': 'fe80::/64', 'metric': 102, 'next-hop-address': '', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth0', 'table-id': 254}, {'destination': '0.0.0.0/0', 'metric': 102, 'next-hop-address': '192.168.122.1', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth0', 'table-id': 254}, {'destination': '192.168.122.0/24', 'metric': 102, 'next-hop-address': '', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth0', 'table-id': 254}]}, 'interfaces': [{'name': 'eth0', 'type': 'ethernet', 'state': 'up', 'ipv4': {'enabled': True, 'address': [{'ip': '192.168.122.238', 'prefix-length': 24}], 'auto-dns': True, 'auto-gateway': True, 'auto-route-table-id': 0, 'auto-routes': True, 'dhcp': True}, 'ipv6': {'enabled': True, 'address': [{'ip': 'fe80::5054:ff:fe91:e44e', 'prefix-length': 64}], 'auto-dns': True, 'auto-gateway': True, 'auto-route-table-id': 0, 'auto-routes': True, 'autoconf': True, 'dhcp': True}, 'lldp': {'enabled': False}, 'mac-address': '52:54:00:91:E4:4E', 'mtu': 9000}]}
--- output omitted ---
2021-06-29 11:29:05,760 root DEBUG Async action: Update profile uuid:2bdee700-f62b-365a-bd1d-69d9c31a9f0c iface:eth0 type:ethernet started
2021-06-29 11:29:05,792 root DEBUG Async action: Update profile uuid:2bdee700-f62b-365a-bd1d-69d9c31a9f0c iface:eth0 type:ethernet finished
现在,使用 ip
命令和 eth0
的配置文件来检查 eth0
的 MTU
是不是 9000 字节。
$ ip link show eth0
2: eth0: mtu 9000 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:91:e4:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
altname enp1s0
$ sudo cat /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/eth0.nmconnection
[sudo] password for admin:
[connection]
id=eth0
uuid=2bdee700-f62b-365a-bd1d-69d9c31a9f0ctype=ethernet
interface-name=eth0
lldp=0
permissions=
[ethernet]
cloned-mac-address=52:54:00:91:E4:4E
mac-address-blacklist=
mtu=9000
[ipv4]
dhcp-client-id=mac
dhcp-timeout=2147483647
dns-search=
method=auto
[ipv6]
addr-gen-mode=eui64
dhcp-duid=ll
dhcp-iaid=mac
dhcp-timeout=2147483647
dns-search=
method=auto
ra-timeout=2147483647
[proxy]
基于文件的配置模式的例子
让我们使用基于文件的方法来设置一个新的配置状态。这里我们禁用 eth2
接口的 IPv6 配置。
首先,创建一个 yaml 文件来定义 eth2
接口的期望状态。使用 nmstatectl show
来保存当前设置,然后使用 nmstatectl edit
来禁用 IPv6。
$ nmstatectl show eth2 > eth2.yaml
$ vi eth2.yaml
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 101
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 101
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 101
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth2
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true address:
- ip: 192.168.122.108
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true auto-gateway: true auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true dhcp: true ipv6:
enabled: false address:
- ip: fe80::5054:ff:fe3c:9b04
prefix-length: 64
auto-dns: true auto-gateway: true auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true autoconf: true dhcp: true lldp:
enabled: false mac-address: 52:54:00:3C:9B:04
mtu: 1500
保存新的配置后,用它来应用新的状态:
$ vi eth2.yaml
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 101
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 101
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 101
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth2
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true address:
- ip: 192.168.122.110
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true auto-gateway: true auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true dhcp: false ipv6:
enabled: false lldp:
enabled: false mac-address: 52:54:00:3C:9B:04
mtu: 1500
你可以检查看到 eth2
接口没有配置任何 IPv6:
$ vi eth2.yaml
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 101
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 101
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 101
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth2
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true address:
- ip: 192.168.122.110
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true auto-gateway: true auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true dhcp: false ipv6:
enabled: false lldp:
enabled: false mac-address: 52:54:00:3C:9B:04
mtu: 1500
临时应用改变
NMState 的一个有趣的功能允许你临时配置一个期望的网络状态。如果你对这个配置感到满意,你可以事后提交。否则,当超时(默认为 60 秒)过后,它将回滚。
修改前面例子中的 eth2
配置,使它有一个 IPv4 静态地址,而不是通过 DHCP 动态获得。
$ vi eth2.yaml
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 101
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 101
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 101
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth2
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true address:
- ip: 192.168.122.110
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true auto-gateway: true auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true dhcp: false ipv6:
enabled: false lldp:
enabled: false mac-address: 52:54:00:3C:9B:04
mtu: 1500
现在,使用选项 no-commit
临时应用这个配置,让它只在 30 秒内有效。这可以通过添加选项 timeout
来完成。同时,我们将运行 ip -br a
命令三次,看看配置在 eth2
接口的 IPv4 地址是如何变化的,然后配置就会回滚。
$ ip -br a && sudo nmstatectl apply --no-commit --timeout 30 eth2.yaml && sleep 10 && ip -br a && sleep 25 && ip -br a
lo UNKNOWN 127.0.0.1/8 ::1/128
eth0 UP 192.168.122.238/24 fe80::5054:ff:fe91:e44e/64
eth2 UP 192.168.122.108/24
2021-06-29 17:29:18,266 root DEBUG Nmstate version: 1.0.3
2021-06-29 17:29:18,267 root DEBUG Applying desire state: {'dns-resolver': {'config': {}, 'running': {'search': [], 'server': ['192.168.122.1']}}, 'route-rules': {'config': []}, 'routes': {'config': [], 'running': [{'destination': 'fe80::/64', 'metric': 101, 'next-hop-address': '', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth2', 'table-id': 254}, {'destination': '0.0.0.0/0', 'metric': 101, 'next-hop-address': '192.168.122.1', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth2', 'table-id': 254}, {'destination': '192.168.122.0/24', 'metric': 101, 'next-hop-address': '', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth2', 'table-id': 254}]}, 'interfaces': [{'name': 'eth2', 'type': 'ethernet', 'state': 'up', 'ipv4': {'enabled': True, 'address': [{'ip': '192.168.122.110', 'prefix-length': 24}], 'dhcp': False}, 'ipv6': {'enabled': False}, 'lldp': {'enabled': False}, 'mac-address': '52:54:00:3C:9B:04', 'mtu': 1500}]}
--- output omitted ---
Desired state applied:
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 101
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 101
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 101
next-hop-address: '' next-hop-interface: eth2
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth2
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true address:
- ip: 192.168.122.110
prefix-length: 24
dhcp: false ipv6:
enabled: false lldp:
enabled: false mac-address: 52:54:00:3C:9B:04
mtu: 1500
Checkpoint: NetworkManager|/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Checkpoint/7
lo UNKNOWN 127.0.0.1/8 ::1/128
eth0 UP 192.168.122.238/24 fe80::5054:ff:fe91:e44e/64
eth2 UP 192.168.122.110/24
lo UNKNOWN 127.0.0.1/8 ::1/128
eth0 UP 192.168.122.238/24 fe80::5054:ff:fe91:e44e/64
eth2 UP 192.168.122.108/24
从上面可以看到,eth2
的 IP 地址从 192.168.122.108
暂时变成了 192.168.122.110
,然后在超时结束后又回到了 192.168.122.108
。
关于“Linux下如何安装并使用NMState网络管理器”这篇文章就分享到这里了,希望以上内容可以对大家有一定的帮助,使各位可以学到更多知识,如果觉得文章不错,请把它分享出去让更多的人看到。